(A) One of several fountains in Mt. Bonju-san, Goshogawara-shi, Aomori Prefecture, Japan (320 m elevation). This fountain included 2 males and 4 pairs of egg sacs on 3 May 1983 and 3 overwintering larvae on 21 May 1984 (no egg sacs). On 6 May 1984, 20 pairs of egg sacs were found in a roadside ditch at the foot of Mt. Bonju-san; at this time, around 1 m-deep snow prevented my access toward the present fountain.

(B) One of several fountains within the "Kudo-ji" Temple, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori Prefecture, Japan (240 m elevation); a whitish area surrounding this fountain indicates snow. On 23 April 1984, these fountains contained a total of 2 males and 9 pairs of egg sacs of H. lichenatus (a fountain, where 1 male and 1 pair of egg sacs were found, exhibited a water temperature of 4.8 C) and a great number of individuals of the brown frog Rana ornativentris. At this time, more than 60 cm-deep snow covered the forest floor of the temple. On 5 May 1984, a total of 9 males and numerous pairs of egg sacs were recognized, and there was little snow around; at this time, I could not measure any water temperature because of so many children here and there.

(C) Fountain-flowing pond in Hirukawa, Ohmagari-shi, Akita Prefecture, Japan (180 m elevation). This pond is surrounded artificially by a large number of rocks. On 5 May 1983, 3 males and numerous pairs of egg sacs were found. On 24 April 1984, only 1 male was included (no egg sacs); at this time, there was an approximately 50 cm-deep snow around. On 4 May 1984, 30 males, 4 females, and 15 pairs of egg sacs were discernible (water temperature of 9.7 C).

(D) Fountain in Hataya, Yamanobe-machi, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan (610 m elevation). This is a very active fountain, which is visually understandable, and involved 5 males and 2 pairs of egg sacs on 6 May 1983 and 6 pairs of egg sacs on 8 May 1984.